Which device is associated with tracking without consent?

The choice of electronic tracking software or spyware is accurate in the context of tracking individuals without their consent. This type of software is explicitly designed to monitor user activity by collecting information without the user's knowledge. It may log keystrokes, track internet usage, gather personal data, and report back to the person who deployed it, creating significant privacy concerns.

In contrast, a VPN, or virtual private network, is primarily used to ensure privacy and security while browsing the internet, encrypting data and masking the user's IP address, thus enhancing rather than infringing upon user privacy. Keyloggers, while capable of tracking keystrokes and potentially infringing on privacy, are typically identified as tools used in cybercrime rather than legitimate tracking devices deployable on a large scale without consent. Antivirus software is designed to protect systems from malware and other security threats, thereby safeguarding users rather than tracking them. Thus, electronic tracking software or spyware is uniquely characterized by its use in non-consensual monitoring, defining it as the correct answer for this question.