Which of the following is NOT an element of involuntary manslaughter?

Involuntary manslaughter is a legal term generally referring to a form of homicide that occurs without malice aforethought, particularly due to reckless or negligent actions rather than intentional killing. For an act to be classified as involuntary manslaughter, it typically includes the following elements: the act of homicide, the absence of malice (or intent to kill), and often a degree of recklessness or negligence.

The element of homicide is fundamental because involuntary manslaughter involves the unlawful killing of another individual, and without this component, it would not qualify as any form of manslaughter. Furthermore, the requirement of acting without provocation highlights that the individual did not have an initial intent or justification for causing harm to another person, as involuntary manslaughter results from circumstances that do not include a premeditated motive.

Malice is fundamentally absent in involuntary manslaughter—this distinguishes it from other forms of murder that involve intent to kill or cause significant harm. The term 'plan' is not a recognized element of involuntary manslaughter; such actions are characterized by a lack of planning or deliberation. Instead, they often emerge from unintentional actions that have grave consequences, indicating recklessness rather than a plotted scheme