Which of the following is NOT an element of robbery?

Robbery is defined as the unlawful taking of property from a person or their immediate presence, against their will, through the use of force or intimidation. The correct answer identifies an important distinction in the elements of robbery.

While permanently depriving another of property (which typically relates more to theft or larceny) is an outcome of robbery, it is not a distinct element that must be present for the act to be classified as robbery. In robbery, although the intention may be to permanently deprive the owner of their property, the act is primarily characterized by the use or threat of force or intimidation at the moment of the act.

The other choices highlight critical components of robbery. Threatening the imminent use of force pertains directly to the intimidation aspect, which is fundamental to establishing the crime. Taking property in the presence of another person emphasizes that the act occurs directly in the view of the victim, heightening the threat and fear experienced. Using force in the presence of another person is a clear indicator of the violent nature that defines robbery, making it an essential element of the offense.

Thus, the focus of robbery is on the coercive act of taking through force or threat, rather than the end result of permanently depriving someone of their property.